Decision-Making Models Essay - 959 Words

Decision-Making Models General assumptions create the foundation of a persons reasoning. Imperfections with a supposition can create the opportunity for a skewed perspective in a persons reasoning process (Paul Elder, 2002). The process of choosing one course of action over another is commonly known as decision making. Consciously or unconsciously, people make decisions on a daily basis founded on one or more of the various decision-making models (Sullivan, n.d.). This paper examines how I apply various decision-making models in the workplace to generate accurate workload estimations in my career. The Qualitative Choice Theory also known as analogous reasoning uses past experience to help an individual make decisions. A†¦show more content†¦I normally make use of the parametric model when estimating a large project. I look at one piece of the project and create an estimate of the level of effort needed to complete the piece, and multiply the estimate by the number of pieces that comprise the project. When I bid the creation of the initial website for the aforementioned client, I determined there would be only two Web pages requiring Active Server Pages (ASP) programming due to database interaction; the remaining 20 pages could be coded using static Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and JavaScript. Drawing on parametric model I estimated the time needed to code a single HTML page and multiplied that estimate by 20. I created individual time estimates for the 2 ASP pages due to the unique nature of the pages. The total estimate delivered was approximately 30 hours. As of late, my supervisor has encouraged me to begin using the PERT technique to provide a more accurate time estimate. The formula used to calculate the PERT is: ((realistic * 4) + pessimistic + optimistic) / 6. Using the 30-hour estimate issued to the aforementioned client and accounting for every situation that could create difficulties, I created a pessimistic estimate of 47 hours. Assuming flawless execution with no complications, I have created an optimistic estimate of 25 hours. The PERT formula calculates the estimated level of effort at 32 hours. The Monte CarloShow MoreRelatedDecision Making Models Of A Model Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesDecision making models come in countless arrangements and complexities. In gathering examples of existing models, I understood the significance of personalizing a model to my own preferences and use. A tailored decision model creates an opportunity to provide a distinct structure that promises greater success in using it on a daily basis for myriad types of decisions, both small and large. The model I configured comprises six stages in the process. 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The Cost of Capital Free Essays

THE COST OF CAPITAL Q1. Place the creditor’s hierarchy in the correct order. (P;D)Ordinary Shareholders 1Unsecured Creditors 2Creditors with floating charges 3Preference Shareholders 4Creditors with fixed charges 5(2 marks) Q2. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cost of Capital or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gecko Co. has just paid a dividend of $0.65/share ; the current share price in the market in the stock market is $3.6. Calculate the cost of equity? (FIB)3613156159500Ke %(2 marks) Q3. A share has a current market value of 86c, and the last dividend paid by the company was 7.23c. The expected annual growth rate of dividends is 7%. Calculate the cost of equity capital? (FIB)4013205270500Ke %(2 marks) Q4. Reeve Co. is about to pay a dividend of $1 per ordinary share. The Net assets of the company are $500,000. The Earnings for the company is $180,000.The Current share price is $7 per share. Reeve Co. has in total 100,000 Ordinary shares. What is the cost of equity to the nearest whole percentage? (MCQ)27%30%33%35%(2 marks) Q5. Sago Co.’s has 5 million shares in issue their dividend payments in the years were as follows:End of the year 20X7 20X8 20X9 20Y0 20X1Dividends ($000) 250 275 295 222 350The current share price of Sago Co is $2/share. Calculate the cost of equity? (MCQ)11%12.6%13%15.1%(2 marks) Q6. Amok Co. is about to pay a dividend of 20c per share. The share price is 300c. The rate of return is 16% 25% of the earnings is a dividend. Calculate the cost of equity? (FIB) 3917954508500Ke %(2 marks) Q7. Which of the following is/are the assumptions used by Dividend valuation model (DVM)? (MRQ) Income stream for the shareholders are the dividends paid by the companyDividends are constant or grow at a fixed rateThe model assumes there is no need to incorporate any riskThe dividends paid by the company are till eternity (2 marks) Q8. Which of the following statements is a disadvantage for Dividend valuation model (DVM)? (MCQ)The model takes capital gains of shareholders into accountIt assumes huge cost is applicable to the issue of new sharesNo allowance is made for the taxationThe growth in earnings is incorporated(2 marks) Q9. Shares in BLACK and WHITE have a beta of 0.75. The equity risk premium is 5% and the risk-free rate of return is 3%. What is the cost of equity capital for BLACK and WHITE? (FIB)4921256223000Ke %(2 marks) Q10. The current average market return being paid on risky investments is 14%, compared with 7% on Treasury bills. Halo Co cost of equity is 17.5%. What is the beta factor? (FIB)4921256350000Beta (2 marks) Q11. The Government securities return is 7%. The overall stock market return is 11%. The expected beta is 0.9. What would be the share’s expected value if it is expected to earn an annual dividend of 5.3c, with no capital growth? (FIB) 2006606096000Cents (2 marks) Q12. All companies given below operate in the same business industry. They all have same characteristics except for the fact that their capital structures are different, which are as follows:Loco Co. Choco Co. Rocco Co.Debt from the total market 27 35 49Equity from the total market 73 65 51The equity beta of Rocco Co. is 1.32 ; the equity beta of Loco Co. is 0.74.What range will Choco Co. beta fall? (MCQ)The beta of Choco Co is higher than 1.32The beta of Choco Co. is above 0.74The beta of Choco Co. is between 0.74 ; 1.32The beta of Choco Co is lower than 0.74(2 marks) Q13. Investments required return can be predicted using the Capital asset pricing model. The risk-free rate of return is 5%. Investment Beta Value Return ValueAlpha 1.5 13%Beta 0.7 15.3%Mega 1 12%Zeta 1.2 12.2%If Zeta is correctly priced then select the appropriate option for each investment? (P;D) Alpha UnderpricedBeta Correct PriceMega Overpriced(2 marks) Q14. Beak Frees Co. makes biscuits and cookies and there are some factors in the market that the investors are unable to distinguish either they are a systematic or un-systematic risk to them. Help the investors in choosing the appropriate Risk? (HA) The immediate increase in interest rates SYSTEMATIC UNSYSTEMATIC Price increments in Flour used by the company SYSTEMATIC UNSYSTEMATICThe downfall of the economy in which the company operates SYSTEMATIC UNSYSTEMATICIndustrial unrest in one of the factories SYSTEMATIC UNSYSTEMATIC (2 marks) Q15. Which of the following assumption is not related to Capital asset pricing model? (MCQ)Investors have a spread of investment in multiple companiesThere are no taxes applicableIt ignores earning a potential of the companyAll forecast made are for single period transaction(2 marks) Q16. The systematic risk of a portfolio relative to the market portfolio is measured using the beta factor. Which of the following statements is/are true? (MRQ)If Beta is greater than 1, the security is less sensitive to systematic risk than the marketIf Beta is lesser than 1, the security is less sensitive to systematic risk than the marketIf Beta equals 1, the security’s exposure to systematic risk matches the marketIf Beta equals 0 the security is risk-free(2 marks) Q17. Which of the following is an advantage of Capital asset pricing model? (MCQ)It provides a basis for establishing risk-adjusted discount rates for capital investment projects.Ignores taxation for the investorsIt is unable to distinguish between dividends capital gainsIndividual companies have different systematic risk characteristics of their shares(2 marks) Q18. The cost of equity of a company is directly unaffected by which of the following? (MCQ)The expected market returnThe company’s expected betaThe expected return on the company’s assetThe government securities return (2 marks) Q19. 10% irredeemable preference shares having a share price-dividend of $7/share. The tax rate is 27%. Calculate the cost of preference shares if the par value is $0.6 correct to two decimal places? (FIB) 4521207747000Kp %(2 marks) Q20. Tangerine Co. wants to invest in an Investment appraisal project. The company decided to invest using a bank loan. The company borrowed 7% $200,000 loan for the investment. What will be the cost of debt if the tax rate is 25%? (FIB)4521207175500Kd %(2 marks) Q21. 3G Co. has in issue 12% irredeemable loan notes, currently trading at $105 cum-interest.If the tax rate changes from 27% to 20% for 3G co. then the cost of debt would likely: (MCQ) Decreases to 8.4%Decreases to 9.42% Increases to 9.42%Increases to 10.3%(2 marks) Q22. A company issued their 10% irredeemable loan notes at 150. The current market price is $75. The company is paying corporation tax of 28%. What is the cost of loan notes? (FIB)4521206985000Kd %(2 marks) Q23. A company has in issue 8% redeemable debt with three years to redemption at par. The current market value of the debt is $107.59. The corporation tax rate is 30%. What is the interest cost to the company? (MCQ)$8.6$32.3$8$5.6(2 marks) Q24. A company has in issue 5% redeemable loan notes having a current market value of $103/bond. These bonds will be redeemed in three year time at par value. Calculate the cost of debt if the tax rate is 29%? (MCQ)2%2.15%2.63%3% (2 marks) Q25. A 6% irredeemable preference shares are traded for $1.5 cumulative dividend. The tax rate is 30%. What is the cost of preference shares nearest to two decimal places? (FIB) 4521207810500Kp %(2 marks) Q26. A 3% 60,000 irredeemable preference shares are being traded for $0.5 ex. Dividend. What is the cost of preference shares? (FIB)4521206985000Kp %(2 marks) Q27. A company has irredeemable loan notes currently trading at $36 ex-interest. The coupon rate is 11% and the rate of corporation tax is 30%.What is the return required by the debt providers before tax is applicable? (MCQ)21.4%27.6%30.6%33%(2 marks) Q28. Sitcom Co. has a 5% redeemable loan notes which are redeemable at a 10% premium in 5 years’ time. The current market value is $100 per loan note. The tax rate is 25%. Calculate the cost of debt? (MCQ)2.7%3.53%4%5.62%(2 marks) Q29. A company has issued convertible loan notes which are due to be redeemed at a 5% discount in five years’ time. The coupon rate is 7% and the current MV is $85. Alternatively, the investor can choose to convert each loan note into 10 shares in five years’ time. The company pays tax at 30% per annum. The company’s shares are currently worth $9 and their value is expected to grow at a rate of 4% pa. Find the post-tax cost of the convertible debt to the company? (FIB)4521207683500Kd %(2 marks) Q30. Cobol Co. has in issue 6% convertible bonds having a market value of $115. These bonds can redeem at a premium of 2% in two years’ time or can be converted to 25 ordinary shares in two years. The current share price $4 and its expected growth is 3% per annum. The corporation tax rate is 29%. Calculate the net present value if discount factor is 4%? (MCQ) $1.53$4.26$8.03$10(2 marks) Q31. Fichte Co. has in issue 12% convertible bonds having a market value of $97. These bonds can be converted into 40 ordinary shares in seven years’ time or can be redeemed at 12% premium in seven years’ time. The current share price is $3 with an annual growth rate of 4%.The tax rate per annum is 24%. Choose whether bonds should be converted or redeemed in seven years’ time? (MCQ)$108.64 Redemption $157.91 Conversion$108.64 Conversion$157.91 Redemption (2 marks) The following information is for Q32 Q33:Trico Co. has the capital structure:Capital Structure $ m4 million $0.2 ordinary shares 0.810% irredeemable loan notes 13.58% Preference shares 10Reserves 15Total 39.3The loan notes are quoted and the ordinary shares are currently quoted at $50 and $4 respectively in the market. The cost of equity for Trico Co. is 11% and the current corporation tax is 30%. The preference shares are currently traded for $2.25 ex. Dividend. Q32. Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Trico Co. using the Book values? (MCQ) 8.45%10.37%11.13%11.27%(2 marks) Q33. Calculate market value weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Trico Co.?9.24%9.97%10.79%12.38%(2 marks) Q34. Zeeman Co. has 5m $1 ordinary shares, the reserves are held at $10m and there are 15% irredeemable loan notes of $9m. The market value of ordinary shares is $5, and the loan notes are currently traded at $80. Zeeman Co. has just paid a dividend of $0.7 and its corporation tax is 26%. What is the cost of capital? (MCQ)13.98%14.23%16.76%17.89%(2 marks) THE COST OF CAPITAL (ANSWERS) Q1. Creditors (payables) hierarchy:Creditors with fixed charges 1Creditors with floating charges 2Unsecured Creditors 3Preference Shareholders 4 Ordinary Shareholders 5 Q2. 18.1%Ke = (0.65 à · 3.6) Ãâ€" 100 = 18.1% Q3. 16%Ke = (7.23 [1 + 0.07] à · 86) + 0.07 = 0.1599 0.1599 Ãâ€" 100 = 16% Q4. DGrowth = b Ãâ€" re b = (1 – [1à ·1.8]) = 0.44 re = (1.8à ·5) = 0.36g = (0.44 Ãâ€" 0.36) Ãâ€" 100 = 15.84%Ke = [1Ãâ€"(1+15.84%)] à · (7 – 1) = 0.1931 + 15.84% = 0.351Ke = 0.351 Ãâ€" 100 = 35% Q5. Bg = [(350 à · 250) 1 à · (5-1) – 1] Ãâ€" 100 = 8.8%D1 = (350 à · 5000) Ãâ€" (1 + 8.8%) = 0.076Ke = [(0.076 à · 2) + 8.8% ] Ãâ€" 100 = 12.6% Q6. 12%g = (0.75 Ãâ€" 0.16) Ãâ€" 100 = 12%D1 = 0.2 (1 + 12%) = 0.224Ke = [0.224 à · (3 – 0.2)] = 0.08 + 12% = 0.2 Ãâ€" 100 = 12% Q7. All statements below are assumption of DVM: Income stream for the shareholders are the dividends paid by the companyDividends are constant or grow at a fixed rateThe dividends paid by the company are till eternity The model assumes there is no need to incorporate any risk. This is weakness not an assumption for Dividend growth model. Q8. CThe model does not take capital gains of shareholders into accountIt assumes no cost is applicable to the issue of new sharesNo allowance is made for the taxation (Disadvantage)The growth in earnings are ignored Q9. 6.75%Ke = 3 + (5 Ãâ€" 0.75)Ke =6.75% Q10. 1.517.5% = 7 + (14 – 7) Ãâ€" (beta)Beta =1.5 Q11. 50cKe = 7 + (11 – 7) Ãâ€" (0.9) = 10.6%Share price = 5.3c à · 10.6% = 50c Q12. CThe higher the debt, the riskier the company. The higher the equity, the safer the company.Loco Co. is safer as Debt lower Rocco Co is riskier as debt is higher which indicates that Choco Co falls between both betas as its debt is between both companies debt. Q13.Alpha OverpricedBeta UnderpricedMega Correct PriceIf Investment Zeta is correctly priced, the actual return via CAPM will be 12.2 = 5 + 1.2 (Rm – 5)Rm = 12 Investment Alpha should provide a return of 5 + 1.5 (12 – 5) = 15.5Investment Beta should provide a return of 5 + 0.7 (12 – 5) = 9.9Investment Mega provides a return of 5 + 1 (12 – 5) = 12Investment Alpha does not provide a high return so is overpriced. Investment Beta provides too high return so is underpriced. Investment Mega provides the correct return so correct priced. Q14.The immediate increase in interest rates SYSTEMATIC Price increments in Flour used by the company UNSYSTEMATICThe downfall of the economy in which the company operates SYSTEMATIC Industrial unrest in one of the factories UNSYSTEMATICSystematic risk cannot be diversified by the investorUnsystematic risk can be diversified by the investor Q15. CInvestors have a spread of investment in multiple companies (Well-diversified portfolio)There are no taxes applicable (Indication of being in a perfect capital market)It ignores earning a potential of the company (Disadvantage of DVM)All forecast made are for the single period transaction (Considers single transaction rather than multiple transactions at once) Q16.If Beta is greater than 1, the security is less sensitive to systematic risk than the market (True)If Beta is lesser than 1, the security is less sensitive to systematic risk than the market (False, It is highly sensitive to systematic risk than the market)If Beta equals 1, the security’s exposure to systematic risk matches the market (True)If Beta equals 0 the security is risk-free (True) Q17. AIt provides a basis for establishing risk-adjusted discount rates for capital investment projects. (Advantage)Ignores taxation for the investors (Disadvantage)It is unable to distinguish between dividends ; capital gains (Disadvantage)Individual companies have different systematic risk characteristics of their shares (Disadvantage) Q18. CThe formula for required return is Ke = risk-free rate + beta Ãâ€" (market rate – risk-free rate) Q19. 0.86%D= 0.6 Ãâ€" 10% = 0.06Ex-Dividend = 7 – 0.06 = 6.94Kp = (0.06 à · 6.94) Ãâ€" 100 = 0.86% Q20. 5.25%Kd = 7% Ãâ€" (1 – 25%) = 0.0525 Ãâ€" 100 = 5.25% Q21. DKd = [(12% Ãâ€" 100) Ãâ€" (1 – 27%)] à · (105 – 12) = 0.094 Ãâ€" 100 = 9.42%Kd = [(12% Ãâ€" 100) Ãâ€" (1 – 20%)] à · (105 – 12) = 0.103 Ãâ€" 100 = 10.3%Increases to 10.3% Q22. 9.6%Kd = [ (10% Ãâ€" 100) Ãâ€" ( 1 – 28%) ] à · 75 = 0.096 Ãâ€" 100 = 9.6% Q23. DInterest = (8% Ãâ€" 100) Ãâ€" (1 – 30%) = $5.6 Q24. BYear Cash flow ($) DF (5%) Present value ($) DF (10%) Present Value ($)MV/Bond 0 (103) 1 (103) 1 (103)Interest 1-3 3.55 2.723 9.67 2.487 8.83Redemption 3 100 0.864 86.4 0.751 75.1NPV (6.93) (19.07)IRR = 5 + [-6.93 à · (-6.93 – (-19.07)] Ãâ€" (10 – 5) = 2.15% Q25. 4.17%D= 1 Ãâ€" 6% = 0.06Ex-Dividend = 1.5 – 0.06 = 1.44Kp = (0.06 à · 1.44) Ãâ€" 100 = 4.17% Q26. 6%D= 1 Ãâ€" 3% = 0.03Kp = (0.03 à · 0.5) Ãâ€" 100 = 6% Q27. CAs the question states before tax the calculation will be:Kd = [(11% Ãâ€" 100) à · 36] Ãâ€" 100 = 30.6% Q28. DYear Cash flow ($) DF (5%) Present value ($) DF (10%) Present Value ($)MV/Bond 0 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100)Interest 1-5 3.75 4.329 16.23 3.791 14.22Redemption 5 110 0.784 86.24 0.621 68.31NPV 2.47 (17.47)IRR = 5 + [2.47 à · (2.47 – (-17.47)] Ãâ€" (10 – 5) = 5.62% Q29. 9.7%Year Cash flow ($) DF (5%) Present value ($) DF (10%) Present Value ($)MV/Bond 0 (85) 1 (85) 1 (85)Interest 1-5 4.9 4.329 21.21 3.791 15.58Convertible 5 109.5 0.784 85.85 0.621 68NPV 22.06 (1.42)Redemption= 85 Ãâ€" 95% = 80.75Convertible= 10 Ãâ€" [9 Ãâ€" (104%)5 ] = 109.5IRR = 5 + [22.06 à · (22.06 – (-1.42)] Ãâ€" (10 – 5) = 9.7% Q30. AYear Cash flow ($) DF (4%) Present value ($)MV/Bond 0 (115) 1 (115)Interest 1-2 4.26 1.886 8.03Redemption 2 117.3 0.925 108.5NPV 1.53Redemption= 115 Ãâ€" 102% = 117.3Convertible= 25 Ãâ€" [4 Ãâ€" (103%)2 ] = 106.1 Q31. BRedemption= $97 Ãâ€" 112% = $108.64Conversion= 40 Ãâ€" [3 Ãâ€" (104%)7] = $157.91 Q32. DKp= [(8% Ãâ€" 1) à · 2.25] Ãâ€" 100 = 3.56%Kd= [(10% Ãâ€" 100) (1 – 30%)] à · 50 = 0.14 Ãâ€" 100 = 14% Book Value ($m) Cost ($m)Equity (15+0.8) 15.8 15.8 Ãâ€" 11% 1.738Preference shares 10 10 Ãâ€" 8% 0.8Debt (irredeemable) 13.5 13.5 Ãâ€"14% 1.89Total 39.3 4.428WACC = (4.428 à · 39.3) Ãâ€" 100 = 11.27% Q33. CKp= [(8% Ãâ€" 1) à · 2.25] Ãâ€" 100 = 3.56%Kd= [(10% Ãâ€" 100) (1 – 30%)] à · 50 = 0.14 Ãâ€" 100 = 14% Market Value ($m) Cost ($m)Equity 4m Ãâ€" 4 =16 16 Ãâ€" 11% 1.76Preference shares 4m Ãâ€" 2.25 = 9 9 Ãâ€" 8% 0.72Debt (irredeemable) (13.5 à · 100) Ãâ€" 50 = 6.75 6.75 Ãâ€"14% 0.945Total 31.75 3.425WACC = (3.425 à · 31.75) Ãâ€" 100 = 10.79% Q34. AKe= ($0.7 à · $5) Ãâ€" 100 = 14%Kd= [(15% Ãâ€" 100) (1 – 26%)] à · 80 = 0.1387 Ãâ€" 100 = 13.87%Market Value ($m) Cost ($m)Equity 5m Ãâ€" 5 =25 25 Ãâ€" 14% 3.5Debt (9 à · 100) Ãâ€" 80 = 7.2 7.2 Ãâ€" 13.87% 1Total 32.2 4.5WACC = (4.5 à · 32.2) Ãâ€" 100 = 13.98% How to cite The Cost of Capital, Papers

Creative writing The Disappearance Essay Example For Students

Creative writing The Disappearance Essay At first when they heard about the disappearance they didnt believe it. Why, we saw her the other day at the Ram Ratan grocery store they proclaimed. Yes, didnt she wave to us yesterday with her little boy? He looked just like her. We spoke to her the other day, she had that salwar-kameez on, yes she never did wear English clothes.  Terrible others whined. Its getting so that nobodys safe here in London these days.  Because thats what everyone thought. Crime. It must have been.  How else could an Indian woman in a bright flowered lime sari and Nike walking shoes just disappear? So thinking the worst, that maybe Zeneve had been abducted, raped or maybe even murdered, her husband reported her missing that very night.  Shed been out for her evening walk he told the police. She took one everyday after he got back from the office. Yes, yes always alone. She said it was her time alone, time for herself. Away from the bubbling curries in their non-stick pans as they hissed on the cooker, away from the never ending chores that had to be done, her own tranquil world where the domesticated wife was non-existentthats how she had put it to him. (He didnt quite understand that, but was happy to watch his little boy play football with him, perhaps, until she returned to serve them dinner.) Did you folks have a quarrel? the policeman inquired with a stern look on his podgy face as he looked up from his notepad. No the husband retorted, looking directly into his eyes, of course we didnt.  Later, he would think about what the policeman had asked, while he sat in front of his computer in his office, or while he lay in the bed, which still seemed to smell of her. (But surely that was his imagination-the linen had been washed already.) He had told the truth about them not having a quarrel, hadnt he? (He prided himself on being an honest man, he often told his son how important it was not to lie, see what happened to Pinocchios nose.) And even now when the boy asked him where Mama was, he didnt say she had gone on a trip, as some of his friends wives had advised him. I dont know, he rejoined. And when the boys thin face would crumple he held him in his lap awkwardly and tried to stroke his hair, like he had seen his wife do, but he couldnt bring himself to say what the boy needed to hear Shell be back soon. So over and over again he simply exclaimed I dont know. They hadnt really had a fight. She wasnt, thank God, the quarrelsome type, like some of his friends wives. Quiet. Thats how she was, at least around him, although sometimes when he came home unexpectedly, he would hear her singing to her son, her voice slightly off-key but full and poised. Or laughing as she chased him around the family room, Mamas going to get you, get you, both of them shrieking with sheer exuberance, until they saw him. Hush now, she would tell the boy, settle down. And they would walk over sedately to give him his welcome home kiss.  He couldnt complain though. Wasnt that what he had specified when his mother started asking, When are you getting married? Im getting old. I want to see a grandson before I die. If you can find me a quiet, pretty girl, he wrote back to her in his letters, not brash like Calcutta girls nowadays, not with too many western ideas. Someone who would be relieved to have her husband make the major decisions. But she had to be smart, at least a year of college, someone he could introduce to his friends with pride.  Hed flown to Calcutta to view several suitable girls that his mother had picked out. But now, thinking back, he can only remember her.  She had sat, head bowed, jasmine plaited into her flowing, black hair, silk sari draped modestly over her shoulders, just like all the other prospective brides hed seen. Nervous, hed thought, yearning to be chosen. .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad , .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad .postImageUrl , .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad , .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad:hover , .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad:visited , .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad:active { border:0!important; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad:active , .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u652106672dc280c8da9ce280869227ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Although the Prologue clearly refers to ' a pair of star-crossed lovers', is the action of the play the result of Fate or Chance - or both perhaps?   EssayBut when she had looked up at him gracefully, thats when he fell in love with her.  Thats when he knew she was the one.  Her heart-shaped face and dusky radiant complexion created a flow amidst the room. Her sultry, almond eyes met his, filled with dreams, aspirations, needs to be fulfilled. The rosebud lips, outlined with a deep magenta and retroussed nose complemented her plucked eyebrows as she sat confidentalmost disinterested, as if she were wondering if he would make a suitable spouse.  For him it was love at first sight. This sophisticated, incandescent, credulous woman had stolen his heart and turned it into candle waxhe knew she was the one.  They were married within a week in spite of his mothers protests. (Had she caught that same look?) That something about the girl just didnt feel right, his mother had grumbled.

Women In Genesis Essays - Book Of Genesis, Bereshit, Adam And Eve

Women In Genesis As a collective human element, women in Genesis often appear as obstacles to God's broad overriding goals through noncompletion of their particular roles in the divine scheme. From the Garden of Eden right through to the story of Joseph, women, as wives, mothers, and daughters, are typically unreliable, inadequate, deceitful or, simply by virtue of their womanhood, an outright liability, and they frequently threaten to undermine God's will as it is expressed in the opening book of the Bible. God's first instruction to a human being occurs during the initial telling of the creation story in Genesis. Adam and Eve have the mutual responsibility to be fruitful and multiply, fill the earth and subdue it(1:28). However, it is really the second narrative, detailing the creation of man and woman that establishes God's structure of the world. In this structure, Eden is created for the first man, Adam, who has one basic function, to work and guard Eden (2:15), and only one prohibition, to abstain from the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge (2:16). Starting right from Genesis, in this additional description of the Eden story, tension already arises between Eve, the first biblical woman, and the divine process. Duped by the serpent, she not only succumbs and eats the forbidden fruit, but also encourages Adam to join her, thereby causing their expulsion. Thus, God is forces to confront human intractability from the very beginning of his quest, and the first instance comes from a woman, t he very creature created to solidify Edenic perfection. God had intended Eden to be a self-contained universe, a paradise for Adam where he would live comfortably without toil or hardship. By disobeying, and then including Adam in her crime, Eve indirectly causes his punishment: a life that requires him to labor for his sustenance. Eve was created to be her husband's helpmate (2:20); instead she turns out to be a catalyst for his demise and the cause of humankind's expulsion from the Utopia. In the creation story, the satisfaction of both God and human are at stake. God aims to realize his will in the world, and the happiness and the content of humanity hinge on God's ability to realize his plan. Eve is created to complete Eden. But, instead of conforming to God's plan, she is a stumbling block to the construction of the divinely conceived universe. The idea that God is striving to create an ideal world recurs in Genesis. And in many instances, as in the case of Eve, it is a woman who impedes the fulfillment of God's vision. However, disobedient actions are not always the mode of obstruction. Sara and Rachel threaten God's plan with their infertility. Although the text does not explicitly blame the matriarchs for their inability to conceive, they are involuntarily liable for not propagating. In every instance, it is the women, rather than their husbands or God, who are passively the physical barriers to conception. God, the narrative explains opens wombs when he so chooses. But closed wombs are never stated to be the result of God's initiative. And, even if conception is perceived as God's intervention, it is significant that infertility in the text is always a result of women's, rather than men's, faulty anatomical equipment, making infertility an inescapable female problem. Propagation is a central these in Genesis. In the Noah story, which is God's attempt to reconstruct the world after the first few generations of humankind have proven incorrigible, God commands Noah to be fruitful and multiply (9:1) immediately after Noah emerges from the ark. Clearly, the production of offspring is integral to the divine conception of this world, just as it was in Genesis 1. And later in Genesis, when God sets out to build his chosen people, part of his blessing to Abraham is to make his offspring as abundant as the dust of the earth (13:16). Women are the obvious vessels necessary for the realization of the blessing. Thus, any women who does not conceive is in direct opposition to both God's desire to populate the world in general through Noah and his descendants, and his aspiration to see his select nation flourish. And culpability is not an issue.

Free Essays on The Book of the Grotesque

From the title of first chapter in Winesburg, Ohio, â€Å"The Book of the Grotesque†, it is clear to see Sherwood Anderson’s preoccupation with the â€Å"grotesque†. But what does â€Å"grotesque† mean in Anderson’s fiction? The definitions of grotesque, as offered in the Collins English Mini Dictionary, are ‘strangely distorted’ and ‘absurd’ (1). However, the â€Å"grotesques† in Winesburg, Ohio are not necessarily repulsive despite their absurdity. Malcolm Cowley, in his introduction to Winesburg, Ohio, defined the â€Å"grotesques† as ‘solitary persons’ whose lives have been distorted by their inability to express themselves. (2) It is the life experiences that have made the characters in the short stories â€Å"grotesques†. Being â€Å"grotesque† also means that the ‘figures... are not, nor are they meant to be, â€Å"fully-rounded† characters – they are the shards of life, glimpsed for a moment, the debris of suffering and defeat.’ (3) We only see the â€Å"grotesques† at the point in their life that they are seeking contact with the world, when they are displaying the characteristics that make them â€Å"grotesque†. David D. Anderson argues that the word â€Å"grotesque† does not ‘connote revulsion or disgust’. He compares them to the ‘gnarled, twisted apples’ (4) in â€Å"Paper Pills†, which are left behind because of their surface blemishes. The â€Å"grotesques† are rejected because they are different but their spiritual ills mean that they require more love and understanding. (5) In addition to this, Edwin Fussel states that the â€Å"grotesques† must not be thought of as necessarily unattractive. The truths that lurk within them include positive or neutral properties or conditions such as ‘the truth of virginity and the truth of passion, the truth of wealth and of poverty’. (6) The grotesques are not malicious just confused and afraid. However, as Irving Howe argues, the â€Å"grotesques† are not simply... Free Essays on The Book of the Grotesque Free Essays on The Book of the Grotesque From the title of first chapter in Winesburg, Ohio, â€Å"The Book of the Grotesque†, it is clear to see Sherwood Anderson’s preoccupation with the â€Å"grotesque†. But what does â€Å"grotesque† mean in Anderson’s fiction? The definitions of grotesque, as offered in the Collins English Mini Dictionary, are ‘strangely distorted’ and ‘absurd’ (1). However, the â€Å"grotesques† in Winesburg, Ohio are not necessarily repulsive despite their absurdity. Malcolm Cowley, in his introduction to Winesburg, Ohio, defined the â€Å"grotesques† as ‘solitary persons’ whose lives have been distorted by their inability to express themselves. (2) It is the life experiences that have made the characters in the short stories â€Å"grotesques†. Being â€Å"grotesque† also means that the ‘figures... are not, nor are they meant to be, â€Å"fully-rounded† characters – they are the shards of life, glimpsed for a moment, the debris of suffering and defeat.’ (3) We only see the â€Å"grotesques† at the point in their life that they are seeking contact with the world, when they are displaying the characteristics that make them â€Å"grotesque†. David D. Anderson argues that the word â€Å"grotesque† does not ‘connote revulsion or disgust’. He compares them to the ‘gnarled, twisted apples’ (4) in â€Å"Paper Pills†, which are left behind because of their surface blemishes. The â€Å"grotesques† are rejected because they are different but their spiritual ills mean that they require more love and understanding. (5) In addition to this, Edwin Fussel states that the â€Å"grotesques† must not be thought of as necessarily unattractive. The truths that lurk within them include positive or neutral properties or conditions such as ‘the truth of virginity and the truth of passion, the truth of wealth and of poverty’. (6) The grotesques are not malicious just confused and afraid. However, as Irving Howe argues, the â€Å"grotesques† are not simply...

Fun with Chemistry - Honeycomb Candy Recipe

Fun with Chemistry - Honeycomb Candy Recipe Honeycomb candy is an easy-to-make candy that has an interesting texture caused by carbon dioxide bubbles getting trapped within the candy. The carbon dioxide is produced when baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is added to hot syrup. It is the same process used to make some baked goods rise, except here the bubbles are trapped to form a crisp candy. The holes in the candy make it light and give it a honeycomb appearance. Honeycomb Candy Ingredients 3/4 cup sugar2 tablespoons honey2 tablespoons water1-1/2 teaspoons baking soda Honeycomb Candy Instructions Grease a cookie sheet. You can use oil, butter, or non-stick cooking spray.Add the sugar, honey, and water to a saucepan. You can stir the mixture, but it isnt necessary.Cook the ingredients over high heat, without stirring, until the mixture reaches 300Â °F. The sugar will melt, small bubbles will form, the bubbles will become larger, then the sugar will start to carmelize to an amber color.When the temperature reaches 300Â °F, remove the pan from heat and whisk the baking soda into the hot syrup. This will cause the syrup to foam up.Stir just enough to mix the ingredients, then dump the mixture onto the greased baking sheet. Dont spread out the candy, as this would pop your bubbles.Allow the candy to cool, then break or cut it into pieces.Store the honeycomb candy in an airtight container.

What goals has liberalism pursued and why have they proved so Essay

What goals has liberalism pursued and why have they proved so controversial - Essay Example The ideally competitive market in economic theory, where economic representatives are fully informed and ideally rational, is a fiction. It is not in existence, nor is it even compared to, in the real economic practice.Yet this fiction influences greatly upon modern political theory. The tempting power of the ideal market grounds on its capacity to create elegant and disarmingly easy solutions to difficult problems. We can come to see, for example, how the uncoordinated activity of economic representatives can cause socially desired states of affairs (Moore 1993, 97). In much the same manner, the ideal market gets into normative political philosophy partially because it can be showed as illuminating essential values. Defenders of the market maintain we can get to know much about individual liberty, the encouragement of mutual advantage, and efficiency in the distribution of goods by studying it (Guathier 1986, 119). However, this cardinal limitation of the market for many theorists s hows its supposed insensitivity to the demands of egalitarian justice (Ashley 2003, 112). This is partly because modern market societies demonstrate a great deal of social and economic inequality. However, egalitarians have also been inclined to suppose that there is an integral flaw in the ideal of a free market society (Berkowitz 1999, 140). In traditional left-wing critiques, the market has been showed as the opponent of equality on various grounds: it results exploitation; it causes alienation; it is an enemy of genuine freedom; and it is corrosive to the bonds of community (Kautz 1995, 32). It is necessary to notice then that the leading contemporary advocates of egalitarianism, for example Ronald Dworkin (1991), violently defend the use of the ideal market as a theoretical method for the articulation of egalitarian distributive justice and liberal political morality. On the same grounds Judith Shklar's "barebones liberalism" (Whiteside 1999, 501) actually fails to justify either values she proclaimed or liberal ideals of equality. In the end of her career, Shklar made her liberalism specific and took it in an egalitarian direction. She did so by launching skeptical issues at the certainties usually used to rationalize inequalities. While defending equality she ended up making empirical and ethical affirmations that her skepticism had expelled, providing strong proof for the conclusion that skepticism alone is insufficient for creating an egalitarian politics (Tomasi 2000, 46). In this direction of her thought, Shklar defined what Isaiah Berlin calls a "plurality of values." Like Berlin's, her way of thinking affirms "the permanent possibility of inescapable conflict between values" (Berlin 1990, 80) Although Shklar in some way agreed with the liberalism of Hobbes and Locke, she doubts the premises of their arguments (Dagger 1997, 98). The problem is that real consent - as opposed to the consent imagined in tales of the social contract - is elusive (Plaw 2002, 267). The fact of the matter, Shklar (1986) suggests, is that liberalism rests on moral intuitions that are plural, vague and controversial. All along liberal universalism was an illusion. "To a large extent," she concludes, "it was European ethnocentrism and indifference to historical variety and change that made discourse relevant to all' seem plausible in the first place" (Shklar 1967, 278). The difficulties befalling her "barebones liberalism" are the same as those that debilitate the "agonistic liberalism" of theorists like Joseph Raz and Isaiah Berlin (Gottfried 1999, 211). Like Shklar, these theorists propose a defense of liberty grounded in a "radical choice between incommensurables," to use John Gray's phrase (cited in Hardin 1999, 162). This is a choice that can only be settled in political competition - rather than in a putatively rational consensus. But Gray argues convincingly that accepting value pluralism does not entail privileging a liberal political

Artistotle's Virtue Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Artistotle's Virtue Ethics - Essay Example This is an ever-going debate between ethical theorists and moral philosophers, which seems to have no end. Nevertheless, when deontologists and Teleologists are debating on what matters the most, either the actions in themselves or the consequences of those actions, Aristotle’s virtue ethics provides a solution, which asks to focus on the being or the person rather than his or her actions and consequences (Devettere, pp. 26-28). Aristotle believed that ethics is not a theoretical discipline since one does not ask this question for the sake of just knowing it but the question of â€Å"what is good for human beings† is for achieving that â€Å"good† (Hursthouse, pp. 103-104). However, important here to note is the fact that when Aristotle is taking about the good, he is talking about a list of ethical actions and duties, instead he is focusing on one highest good which is above all other â€Å"goods† (Hursthouse, pp. 103-104). One of the most important reaso ns why Virtue ethics stands out of the crowd of other normative theories is because it makes a clear distinction between ethics for humans and animals. Aristotle identified the difference between form and material substance. According to him, the human body is made of flesh and this is material substance but this is not what makes humans beings as human beings. The form, which is the soul of the humans, is responsible for the same (Devettere, pp. 26-28, 2002). Therefore, according to Aristotle, each living thing has a soul and it works in different capacities. For example, the perceptive soul is responsible for forming images and perception, the nutritive soul has the responsibility of growth, the locomotive soul takes care of the motion and others. These are common in both humans and animals, however, humans’ posses something other, which is not present with other animals and that, is the rational soul (Hursthouse, pp. 103-104). This is what draws the line between humans and animals and this special and extra gift to human beings must have the answer of â€Å"what is good for human beings?† Therefore, the good for human beings, the highest happiness, or the biggest virtue is reason and rationality. It is ethical to live your life according to your reason and logic or else you are worse than an animal (Darwall, pp. 265). As Aristotle argued, â€Å"the function of man is activity of soul in accordance with reason, or at least, not without reason† (Darwall, pp. 265-269). Aristotle believed that the thinker or a rational person is the best person or the closest to the divine being or more like divine being. He believed that the rational soul of human being is a part of the divine soul that we posses and by the use of the same, one can discover the mysteries of the universe. People who try to live their lives with vulgar pleasures are more like animals and less like humans because they fail to understand their own potential. However, important here to note is that reason for logic that Aristotle has identified is not subjective and will not differ from person to person but it is objective (Devettere, pp. 26-28). Therefore, for Aristotle and virtue ethicist, ethical is something, which is an action of an ethical person, rather than based on the actions or consequences of that action. It is important to note that when other ethical theories and moral philosophers talk about, rewards, punishments, courts, screenings, law, rules and regulations and others to

Gatorade - Marketing Project Essay Example for Free

Gatorade Marketing Project Essay The Gatorade Company makes the world’s leading sports drink. In part, this is due to its ubiquitous marketing strategies that can be seen almost everywhere. Gatorade is the official sports drink of the NBA, WNBA, MLB, NHL and MLS. It is also the official sports drink of the NFL and has become part of a famous tradition, the â€Å"Gatorade Dunk† where the winning athletes of the Super Bowl empty the Gatorade cooler over the coach. Gatorade has also been advertised by some of the greatest athletes in history; from Serena Williams, to Peyton Manning, to Olympic gold medalist Usain Bolt, to probably the most famous endorser in NBA great Michael Jordan. Gatorade makes several products including the G series which consists of pre-game, thirst quencher and post-game beverages. There is also the G Series Pro which consists mainly of sports nutrition products. Then there is G Natural which contains more natural ingredients. The Gatorade Company also makes Propel Fitness Water. The Gatorade Company was not always such a large company nor was it created by an existing beverage corporation. It was created as a necessity by the team in which it’s named after: The University of Florida Gators. Gatorade was created in 1965 by a team of five scientists led by Dr. Robert Cade. The beverage was created to improve the athletic performance of the university’s football team. When more than a dozen of the players had fallen sick due to dehydration from the intense heat and training, the scientists researched dehydration and what the body loses during immense activity. They found out that sugars, salts and minerals were required to hydrate the human body after immense physical activity; water alone was not enough. They created an electrolyte-carbohydrate drink and supplied it to the athletes. The results were phenomenal. The Gators were able to outperform their rivals, especially in the latter half of the game where exhaustion seemed to cripple their opponents. The Gators went on to win their first Champion ship and soon after Gatorade was adopted by other sports teams. Supplying the beverage became more and more difficult for the scientists as demand increased, and after failed attempts to commercialize it, Stokely-Van Camp acquired U. S. rights to the drink and Gatorade Inc. was incorporated in Florida in 1967. After much success, the coach of the Florida Gators suggested the winning formula to the coach of the Kansas City Chiefs. The Chiefs were impressed and used throughout the entire season culminating with a Super Bowl victory. Much of the growth of the Gatorade Company occurred when it was acquired by Quaker Oats, which bought Stokely-Van Camp for $220 million in 1983. It was under Quaker Oats that Michael Jordan, who was arguably the most famous and fast rising athlete at the time, became the celebrity spokesperson for the company. Sales skyrocketed and Gatorade was once again the leader as the sports drink market grew to $1 billion by 1994. Also during its ownership by Quaker Oats, the product went global. It was and continues to be sold in numerous countries and several continents successfully. It also expanded its product line to include more flavor varieties. Towards the end of the 1990’s the sports drink market grew to $2 billion. With its consistent success, Gatorade continued to launch new products including Propel Fitness Water. In 2000, PepsiCo, a multinational corporation focusing on beverages and snacks, acquired Quaker Oats for $13 billion. It bought over Quaker Oats primarily for the Gatorade brand, which is still one of the corporation’s largest and most successful divisions. Gatorade continued to grow because it renewed its contract with Michael Jordan, campaigned its â€Å"Is it n you? † ad, and also signed a host of new celebrity athletes. Today, Gatorade has over a dozen plants where it manufactures the products it sells and is still the leader in today’s $3 billion dollar sports drink market. Target Market Description The original target market for Gatorade was sports teams. In fact, it was originally only sold to sports teams. It spread from the Gators football team to other Gators teams such as basketball. It then spread to other college sports teams until finally it reached professional teams in the NFL. It spread team to team until it became the official sports drink of the NFL in 1983 and was used by over 70 divisions and college teams. Sales trends increased with the same rapid pace. In the early 1980’s Gatorade led the $200 million sports drink market. Net sales were recorded at $90 million in 1982 and grew exponentially in the following years. By the mid 1980’s net sales were recorded at $170 million. During the latter half of the 1980’s Gatorade marketed its famous Gatorade is Thirst Aid for that deep down body thirst, this along with televised adds, strategic placing of the product on sidelines during big games and a growing sports drink market raised net sales to nearly $900 million by the end of the decade. The demographics of the Gatorade G Series target market: * Traditionally active males, aged 18 to 25. They can be students, just starting their careers, or well established. * They grew up idolizing many different sports athletes and teams, which still have an influence. * They make a very wide variety of incomes because Gatorade is inexpensive. It could be anywhere from $10,000 to $60,000. * Education could vary also, most have at least high school level education and some have college or above experiences. * These types of consumers may also be interested in other sport-related clothing and accessories. They may be interested in terms such as jerseys, hats, shoes or anything that will show off their allegiance to a team, sport or player. * The G Series core target is the 13- to 17-year-old high-school athlete, while G Series Pros target is the 16- to 24-year-old who is in the business of being athletic, whether as an elite athlete or personal trainer. A more detailed look at the MRI report gives a great glimpse into the target market for the sports drink industry. As highlighted in the index, 18-24 year olds are the core target market. With an index of 174, that means 74% of that age range are more likely to drink sports drinks. Moving further up the age range, 18-49 year adults provide a tremendous opportunity for this market. As highlighted by their percent down (which indicates the percent of those persons out of everyone that consumes a variable), 78. 2% of the total population that drank sports drinks were of that age group. Capturing the teen consumer has been identified as a priority for the brand, with the CMO of Gatorade, Ms. Robb-OHagan, conceding that teens thought the brand was dated. Last years shift to G was meant to grab their attention. With that accomplished, she said, the brand has been working with teens to test and promote the new products. Through May, a mobile locker room is making its way to high schools, showcasing the G Series products. What were focusing on this year, from a marketing standpoint, is making sure that the high-school athlete understands the G Series, understands the three-part series, Mrs. Robb-O’Hagan said. If we land that strongly with the teen consumers, we have a lot of opportunity. A Reporter Report is complete with explanations of key numbers. Please note that all the numbers are based on the 2009 Fall MRI study, and that the projected numbers (000) are expressed in thousands. (Appendix A). Market Trends and Macro Forces According to the Beverage Marketing Corporation, the sports drink industry has actually shrunk in sales by 12. 3% from 2009. Considering that Gatorade holds over a 70% market share of the entire sports drink market, they saw losses in gallons produced by 15. 5% in that same year. In a more local look at the market, from 1986 to 2009, the geometric growth of the industry in America has been 11. 62%. However, considering the great growth for the first 19 years of its existence from 1986 to 2005 of 14. 3%, this number might be misleading. A more accurate picture can be painted by using the last 5 years, letting the state of the economy be fully reflected in growth. In this new scenario, the growth is at -. 27%. Gatorade markets not only to the athlete, but to the casual drinker as well: construction workers, restaurants, and families for dinnertime. Sales records for the sports drink brands for the year 2009 and 2010 are available in the Appendix B. Market Trends Changing Needs Gatorade being a sports drink primarily focuses on the needs of the athletes. The researchers believe that the athletes are looking for pre and post workout drinks. The average consumer is already consuming during the before-and-after occasion, said Sarah Robb-OHagan, chief marketing officer at Gatorade. Different consumers have different nutritional needs on game day vs. training days. What weve seen as weve developed these products is different consumers mixing and matching their own regime to meet their needs. In addition, in order to build long term brand loyalty Gatorade is focusing on target high school students between the ages of 13-17 years. What were focusing on this year, from a marketing standpoint, is making sure that the high-school athlete understands the G Series, understands the three-part series, she said. If we land that strongly with the teen consumers, we have a lot of opportunity. What are also sparking the changing needs in this market trend are consumers increasingly focusing on their health. They are conscious about the effects of beverages on their own bodies. According to Mintel, a consumer packaged goods monitoring service, some of the product areas with the highest growth were in the sports and meal replacement categories, which place a greater emphasis on nutrition. More beverage companies are focusing their attention on adding new nutritional benefits to their new products, promoting a product’s ability to enhance sports performance. As the consumers are growing increasingly conscious about the contents of the sports drinks and the needs of the athletes are changing, so is the change in formulations of sports drinks. It is getting even more complicated. Sports nutrition companies are looking at low glycemic sugars as functional sugar systems to enhance endurance in certain products. These include newer functional sweeteners, such as isomaltulose and trehalose. Gatorade has risen to this challenge of balancing innovation with market needs. Beverage World selected Gatorade as the Winner for Brand Reinvention when it released the G-Series which includes the three products: Prime, Perform and Recover for before, during and after work out respectively. Macro Forces There are many macro forces that affect the sports drink industry. Among the most toxic is the current state of the economy. As we have discussed earlier, the poor spending power of consumers has shifted demand to less expensive alternatives, such as water or vitamin infused drinks. As the recession begins to lag into the next year, the sports drink industry can expect sales volume to remain at current levels. Given that the U6 rate (the most comprehensive form of unemployment that combines both unemployed and underemployed) is at 17%, discretionary income will continue to be a hindrance on this industry. While our competitor analysis is fully developed in the coming sections, it should be pointed out now that competition plays a significant role in this industry’s macro forces. Currently, there are two main competitors, Gatorade and Powerade, or Pepsi and Coke, respectively. Unfortunately there is no room for consolidation in this domestic saturated market, so the competitive battles that spur between the two eat away at costs and sales. A recent example comes from a lawsuit between these two companies. An article in the Beverage Industry relating to the industry issues reported a clash between Coca-Colas Powerade and Pepsi-Colas Gatorade on a lawsuit over brand advertising. At issue was a Powerade Option ad that featured a drag race between horse-drawn carts, one of which was carrying 10 bales of hay and the other 50. The message was that 10-calorie Option allowed the 10-bale horse to win the race over the 50-calorie competitor. The lawsuit argued the ad sent the message that Powerade was more effective as a sports drink, as well as containing fewer calories. The matter was resolved in a matter of days, with Coca-Cola agreeing to modify the ad. Such trivial pursuits between the two are costly to the industry and companies themselves. In addition to the direct competitors, sports drinks are facing increased competition from bottled water like Vitamin Water and coconut water and nutritional drinks like skimmed milk and chocolate milk for hydration and nutrition. Coconut water, skimmed milk and chocolate milk are easy to produce and provide natural health benefits compared to the artificial electrolytes in popular sports drinks like Gatorade. While health concerns have had positive effects on the industry, there are also some negatives as well. A new study done by researchers at The University of Iowa suggests that the sports drink Gatorade erodes teeth faster than a carbonated soft drink. I dont think everybody realizes how erosive these things are, especially Gatorade and Red Bull, Leslie A. Ehlen, a student at the University of Iowa School of Dentistry tells WebMD. People need to be aware that all sorts of beverages can be causing dental erosion. Of course, this leads right back to another macro force in regulator procedures. Although in know will health issues like this loom over the industry’s ability to sell their products, the F. D. A (food and drug administration) can certainly dampen sales volumes if need be. The F. D. A has recently banned production of Four Loko as it the combination of caffeine and alcohol mix is extremely dangerous.

Franz Haydn Essay -- Music Composer Haydn Biographies Essays

Franz Joseph Haydn Joseph Haydn is regarded as one of the greatest composers of the classical period. He is often called the father of both the symphony and the string quartet, and he founded what is known as the Viennese classical school, which consisted of himself, his friend, Wolfgang Mozart, and his pupil, Ludwig van Beethoven. During his lifetime, he produced a mind-boggling amount of music. He lived from the end of the baroque period to the beginning of the romantic period, and presided over the transition between them. Franz Joseph Haydn was born in Rohrau, Austria, on April 1, 1732, to Mathias and Anna Maria Koller Haydn. Joseph Haydn's parents had twelve children, but, sadly, six of them died during infancy. His surviving siblings included two brothers, Johann Evangelist and Johann Michael, and three sisters, Anna Maria Franziska, Anna Maria, and Anna Katharina. Many references give March 31 as Haydn's birthday, but official records disprove this. It is rumored that his brother, Michael, was the source of this inaccuracy. Supposedly, Michael didn't want it said that his big brother came into this world as an April Fool. At age seven, young Joseph entered the choir school at St. Steven's Cathedral in Vienna, where he was to remain for the next nine years. During his early years, he became interested in composing music, but he had no formal training until his late teens, when he worked for Italian musician and composer, Niccolà ² Porpora. He avidly studied music, including the works of C. P. E. Bach, and held several music-related jobs in Vienna during the 1750's. His earliest composition, Missa Brevis in F, comes from this period, as does Der Krumme Teufel (The Lame Devil), a burlesque opera, which Haydn composed in 1752. This opera was banned shortly after it's opening, however, because a local nobleman thought that the main character was his caricature. Then, in 1758, Haydn got his first regular musical job as musical director to Count Ferdinand Maximillian von Morzin in Lukavec, Bohemia, where he wrote his first orchestral compositions. The Morzin orchestra performed Haydn's first symphony, which he conducted from the harpsichord. On November 26, 1760, he married Maria Anna Keller. Maria Anna, who was Joseph's elder by four years, was bad tempered, disliked music, and was unable to clean the house or bear children. She enjoyed makin... ...s of his death spread, and, because of the invasion, his funeral went largely unnoticed. His remains were moved several times after his death, and his body now rests in Eisenstadt. During his lifetime, Joseph Haydn composed 107 symphonies, about 50 divertimenti, 84 string quartets, about 58 piano sonatas, and 13 masses. In all, his surviving musical works include over 750 compositions and over 330 songs. (A large number of Haydn's works were destroyed in the 1770's, so these totals would be even higher had it not been for the two fires.) He produced such an abundance of works during his long career that a man named Anthony von Hoboken compiled a directory of the master's works, the title of which translates to Joseph Haydn - Thematic-bibliographic Listing of his Works. This three-volume directory was so helpful in sorting through the massive quantity of music that most of Haydn's works are now known through their Hoboken reference number as well as their title. Undoubtedly, Franz Joseph Haydn is one of the greatest composers of all time. His music, widely acclaimed during his day, has since made him immortal. Very few can stand shoulder to shoulder with this great master.

Benefits of Organic Food Essay

Organic food, once only found in health food stores, is now a consistent element at local supermarkets. So what is the difference between a conventionally grown apple and an organic one? The answer is in the way the crop is grown and what it is and is not exposed to. In order to be labeled â€Å"organic† the farmer who grew it used renewable resources and conservation of soil and water methods. Also, organic farmers do not use conventional pesticides or weed killers, which may contain synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge. According to Fisher, â€Å"Sewage sludge from municipalities’ waste may contain heavy metals and toxins . . . † (1). Rather, organic farmers use sophisticated crop rotations, spread mulch and manure, and even hand pull weeds to keep them away. Instead of applying pesticides, they use beneficial insects and birds or traps to keep pests from harming the crop. The organic apple at the grocery store was never exposed to pesticides, chemicals, additives or preservatives. Pesticides may cause harmful effects to the nervous system and mild skin and eye irritations. Chemicals used in additives and preservatives may disrupt the natural rebuilding of cells and your resistance to disease diminishes after continued exposure to these chemicals according to Lagerquist. According to the USDA, instead of these harmful ingredients, the organic apple has higher levels of minerals, vitamin C and antioxidants. Vitamin C is helpful in protecting your immune system, decreasing cardiovascular disease and promotes healthy skin. Antioxidants protect cells against free radicals that create destructive processes in the cells. Besides being beneficial to your health, organic food has a positive impact on the environment. Farming organic food allows for less groundwater to become contaminated that in the process of farming conventional crops. This is because organic crops are never exposed to harmful chemicals that can seep into the ground and infect our groundwater. This absence of chemicals in the ground water also means that the quality of the soil is greater. When the soil is not exposed to chemicals such as pesticides and insecticides, it is able to be of better quality. With better soil quality, comes stronger crops for years to come. Another benefit to the environment is that organic crops increase biodiversity. Biodiversity is created because the absence of chemical inputs creates a habitat suitable for wildlife. Also, because there is no insecticides used farmers of organic farms are forced to use natural pest control methods. This means that to control one type of pest, the famer has to bring in other pests to kill it, creating a diverse farm. Organic farms also do not use synthetic fertilizers, so one way to keep the soil up is to bring in different types of worms, arthropods, and microbes. These animals stabilize and detoxify soil. Organic farming also helps the environment by using conservation methods. Organic farms are planted where the crops could grow naturally, instead of clearing away land for the purpose of planting there. They also conserve soil by not only planting the crop, but also planting other vegetation where there are places crops are not growing to make sure the topsoil does not get blown away by the elements. Crop rotating is also used. This is when the farmer plants more than one crop in the same place. For example, one year the farmer might plant corn in field, but the next year he plants beans. This process of crop rotation increases the soils productivity and reduces need for farm land. Organic farmers do not use harmful fertilizers. Instead, they take advantage of reusable waste options. These options include human waste and waste from the farm animals. These natural fertilizers do not contain harmful ingredients and it also allows farms to ‘go green’ in a sense that the waste is not going elsewhere. Another environmentally-friendly practice that organic farmers use is tilling. Tilling stirs up the topsoil of farms and makes it so that the soil does not become compact. Compacted soil can result in soil that is unable to create a run-off surface. If this happens, the water will be unable to seep into the soil and irrigate the crop. Tractors passing over soil can cause this compaction to occur, which is why tilling is a more effective way to stir up the soil. And as a bonus, tilling can help get rid of weeds, so it is a win win. Pesticides and preservatives are not only harmful to human beings, but they are also harmful to our environment and ecosystems. Pesticides used in organic farming may run-off and contaminate nearby bodies of water. If enough contaminated run-off from pesticides and artificial fertilizers get into water, it is able to poison animals and fish that live there. According to Raloff, recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to hormones has a substantial effect on the gender and reproductive capacity of fish, throwing off the natural cycle, (1). This is not only harmful to the animals that live there, but if enough fish are dying because of poisoned run-off, the fish industry could suffer and it will affect humans as well. The same chemicals that poison bodies of water could seep into our groundwater and affect the well water we drink and use daily. This does not happen with organic farming, because no chemicals are ever sprayed on the fields and there is much more run off because of tilling practices. Organic farming does not only include crops. There is also organic eggs and meat produced by livestock raised on organic farms. During normal farming of animals, conventional farmers use medications, hormone shots, and antibiotics to promote the health and growth of the animals on their farm. On these conventional farms, animals are forced to be crowded together in dirty, indoor spaces. The living conditions make it necessary for these animals to receive regular medication to fight of diseases that may be caused by their poor living conditions. Because so many animals are crowded together, their manure accumulates rapidly and for convenience for the farmer, is sometimes poured into lagoons which can leak into local water sources and may contaminate our water. Scientists are studying the question that if humans eat hormones found in the meat of animals injected with hormones, if it can affect our human hormones the same way it affects the animal it was injected into. â€Å"Scientists believe about two-thirds of American cattle raised in for slaughter today are injected with hormones to make them grow faster and America’s dairy cows are given a genetically-engineered hormone .. . to increase milk production,† (Raloff, 1). These injected hormones are also a scare because if the animal is digesting them, it means that these chemicals are also in their manure, which is spread on the fields of crops we eat and may be dangerous. Not only could it affect the crop, but also the topsoil, and in turn the groundwater. And again, if it gets into a water source, it has the opportunity to harm the aquatic life living there. In one case, cattle injected with artificial growth hormones revealed serious health problems. These included deformed calves and an increase of a bacterial infection in the udder. In order to treat the infected cows, it needed antibiotics and eventually became reliant on them. Cattle are often forced to produce so much milk that they cannot keep up the nutrients they are losing in the milk and the amount they are given in their food. This imbalance causes them to become malnourished and it makes it easier for them to get more diseases. This type of mistreatment and malnutrition does not happen on organic farms. Healthy plants and animals are more disease resistant. This fact means that as long as the plants and animals are kept clean and healthy, there is little to no need for use of antibiotics or medications. Organic farmers keep the facilities clean to reduce the amount of diseases caused by poor living conditions. Organic farmers allow livestock to live in outdoor conditions with plenty of grazing room. This extra room can greatly decrease the number of diseases in the livestock because they won’t be crowded together to closely. On a conventional farm, livestock is kept indoors and fed possibly unhealthy grains made to make them grow. This is not the case on organic farms. Livestock is kept on a balanced diet and fed using a rotational grazing process. Rotational grazing means that once the livestock has eaten all the grass and vegetation from one field, the farmer will move them to another to allow the vegetation to grow back. This helps maintain the health of the farmland and also keeps the livestock happy by keeping them in an area with enough food, if the livestock is well fed, there is less of a chance that it will get sick as well. If livestock are kept healthy, there is no reason to give it medications, which may not be healthy for the consumer. Organic foods are never bioengineered. Bioengineered foods are foods that are manipulated through their DNA to have traits that are desired. For example, many foods are bioengineered to be resistant to insects, herbicides, and diseases. These crops may seem like a good idea, but many have wondered if these genetically altered crops could be harmful to humans. Crops resistant to bugs and weeds have caused Mother Nature to fight back with â€Å"superbugs† and â€Å"superweeds†, bugs and weeds that have evolved to overcome genetically altered plants. Cases like this cause scientists to turn it up a notch and create a new crop that can defeat the â€Å"supers†. But when is enough enough? Soon the weeds and bugs could become resistant to every type of herbicide resistant plant. There are many health scares associated with bioengineered foods. One is that if a gene is injected into a crop to make it have a more desirable trait, this gene may cause an unexpected danger to the consumer. One such danger is allergic reactions. For example . . . â€Å"bean plants that were genetically modified to increase cysteine and methionine content were discarded after the discovery that the expressed protein of the transgene was highly allergenic† (Villano, 1). Sometimes these dangers can be detected before it is introduced into the public, but sometimes it is not found until several people are affected. Another health risk concerned genetically engineered foods is that for most plants, it is simple to tell that the genetic altering caused an unusual problem in the crop, but in some cases, this is not easily seen. If it is a very obvious problem, the crop may be discarded immediately based on the appearance. However, if the genetic altering caused a problem in low or uneasily seen genes, it may become a problem for the consumer especially if the mutation is in the edible portion of the plant. Again, most of the time these problems would be detected before it is presented to the public, but it may not always be found that soon. This is a very dangerous risk to take. In addition to not being bioengineered, organic food is never exposed to radiation. Food irradiation is frequently used on conventional food because ionizing radiation is can be used to kill bacteria and other germs that may be found in certain foods. These conventionally grown foods are passed through radiation waves on a convention belt. This type of radiation attacks the unwanted organism’s DNA beyond its ability to repair. It can also be used to stop the natural ripening process of fruit in order to prolong the food’s shelf life, and it can be helpful in managing bacteria and other harmful organisms There is much criticism about ionizing radiation. One concern is that irradiation may disguise spoiled food by means of altering the natural growth process of the food. The radiation prolongs its shelf life, but there is reason the food has an expiration date. Some believe that the natural decay of food should not be tampered with. Another scare to some critics is that these chemical changes may not be healthy for the consumer. There are many regulations and inspections in food plants that use irradiation practices, but many critics believe that there is not enough extensive research done of the subject. Critics have several arguments against food irradiation. They argue that food preservation techniques are inefficient because it is unable to undo food spoilage that happened before the radiation treatment. This means that the food is ‘stuck’ in a certain stage of maturity that may not be ideal for the consumer. Another argument is that the radiation process, while getting rid of unwanted organisms, may also remove nutrients that are vital or helpful for the consumer. There are several risks associated with buying conventional foods. These foods may contain pesticides, chemicals, additives, or preservatives that are not natural and may be very harmful for the consumer. When buying organic food, there is never a risk of ingesting any of these harmful substances. Organic farmers use only natural methods of keeping insects, diseases, and weeds away to unsure safety for the consumer. Unlike conventional farms, organic farms are more diverse, more conservative, and use reusable and environmentally friendly practices to keep the earth in good physical shape for years to come. Instead of being concerned with convenience, organic foods focus on health. There are never artificially introduced hormones, sewage sludge, bioengineering, or ionizing radiation exposed to organically grown foods. The most disturbing fact about conventionally grown foods that is that little has been tested in the procedures used to grow the food conveniently. It is not proven that food exposed to radiation, bioengineering, pesticides, herbicides, medications, hormones and antibiotics given to livestock are harmless to humans. Many critics believe that these practices could cause extreme damage to humans in the future if it is not tested more thoroughly. So why not play it safe? Organic foods have none of these health risks and actually have higher levels of minerals, Vitamin C, and antioxidants.

Motions

MACHINE ELEMENTS 2 Cams ? Cam is a link having an irregular surface or groove that imparts motion to a follower ? Cams are very important and frequently occurring elements in many types of machines – especially AUTOMATIC MACHINES ? Cams are the heart of such automatic devices as automatic devices as automatic machine tools, record changers, mechanical calculators, cash registers, and many other devices. Types of Cams: Motions Used for Cam Followers: ? The motion of the follower is of primary interest in the analysis of existing cams or in the design of new cams. It is easier to analyze the motion of cam followers if their motion is plotted as a graph often referred to as DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM A. Displacement Diagram B. Motions that are most commonly used: 1. Uniform Velocity (straight line) motion – UVM 2. Simple Harmonic Motion – SHM 3. Uniformly Accelerated motion (Parabolic Motion) – UAM or PM 4. Modified Uniform-Velocity Motion – MUVM a. Arc meth od – MUVM-Arc b. Uniform Acceleration Method – MUVM-UAM 5. Cycloidal Motion – CM A. Uniform Velocity Motion (Straight Line Motion)If the follower is to move with uniform velocity, its displacement must be the same for equal units of time. Its curve in the displacement diagram, therefore, is a STRAIGHT LINE. Example 1: Lay out the displacement diagram for a cam follower that is to have the following motions: Dwell 30O (at rest) Rise 2 inches in 90O (uniform velocity) Dwell 30O Fall 2 inches in 60O (uniform velocity) Dwell 150O B. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) As a point moves around the circumference of a circle with a constant velocity, its projection on the diameter of the circle moves with simple harmonic motion.How to plot in the displacement diagram? Example 2: Lay out the displacement diagram for a cam follower that is to have the following motions: Rise 2 inches in 120O (SHM) Dwell 30O Fall 1 inch in 90O (SHM) Dwell 30O Fall 1 inch in 60O (SHM) Dwell 30O C. Uniformly Accelerated Motion (Parabolic Motion) ? A motion of uniform or constant acceleration, often called parabolic motion because a graph of its equation ( s = at2 / 2 ) is a parabola. ? It is motion in which the displacement taking place in each successive interval of time proportional to the square of the time.How to plot in the displacement diagram? Example 3: Layout the displacement diagram for a cam follower that is to have the following motions: Rise 2 inches in 120O (uniform acceleration and deceleration motion) Dwell 30O Fall 1 inch in 90O (uniform acceleration and deceleration motion) Dwell 30O Fall 1 inch in 90O (uniform acceleration and deceleration motion) D. Modified Uniform Velocity Motion a) Arc Method: This method consists merely in introducing arcs at the beginning and at the end of the displacement period.The size of the arcs is arbitrary, but they are usually drawn with a radius equal to one half the displacement. The arcs are drawn first to an indefinite len gth then a straight line is drawn tangent to both arcs. b) Uniform Acceleration Method: This method consists in introducing short periods of uniform acceleration or deceleration at both ends of the displacement period. D. Cycloidal Motion ? If a circle rolls along a straight line without slipping, a point on its circumference traces a curve that is called a cycloid. How to plot in the displacement diagram?In the figure below shows how such motion is laid out in a displacement diagram. Line AB is drawn and is extended to some point such as C. A circle is drawn at C whose circumference is equal to the displacement s or whose diameter is equal to s over constant pi. The circumference of this circle is divided into a number of parts corresponding to the number of divisions along the horizontal scale. The points around the circle are projected to the vertical center line of the circle and then parallel to the line AB to the corresponding vertical lines in the displacement diagram. â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] In this construction, it should be noted that the diameter of the semicircle is equal to the follower rise and that the number of divisions around the semicircle agrees with the number of divisions along the time axis (angle of cam rotation). [pic] [pic] The figure at the left shows the displacement, s of a falling object compares with arbitrary time units [pic] a) First method (Figure @ the right)In laying out this type of motion in a displacement diagram, a given displacement is divided into two halves – the first half is uniformly accelerated, and the second half is uniformly retarded motion. It is therefore, necessary that the horizontal distance involved in the total displacement be divided into an even number of divisions. [pic] b) Second Method (Figure @ the left) Figure as shown, shows an alternative method of constructing this type of motion. In this case, the half displacement is divided into equal sized divisions corresponding to the number of horizontal divisions. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

Tupac Shakur essays

Tupac Shakur essays Tupac Amaru Shakur Tupac Shakur was born on June 16, 197 1 in Brooklyn New York by Afeni Shakur who was a member of the Black Panther Party.Shortly after Tupac was born Afeni changed his name from Lesane Parish Crooks to Tupac Amaru Shakur which meant shining serpent , thankful to god. In 1983 legs who was a drug dealer comes to live with the Shakur family and introduces Afeni to crack. Since Tupac never knew his father,Tupac claims Legs as his father.In the same year Tupac enrolls in the 127th street ensemble, a Harlem Theater group which he made his acting debut in A Raisin in the Sun Production. In 1986 at the age of 15 Tupac and his family moved to Baltimore where he enrolled in the Baltimore school of arts and studied Acting and ballet. While Tupac was still in the Baltimore school of arts he wrote his first rap under the name of MC New York. At the age of 17 Tupac moved with his family to Marin City ,Ca. Tupac went to Tampalpais High school but didn't stay there long enough to graduate. Later he got a general equivancy diploma. In June of 1988 Tupac left home and moved in with a friend where he starts selling drugs and wrote poetry. In August of 1988 Tupac's stepfather , Mutulu Shakur was sentenced to 60 years in prison for armed robbery. Leila Steinberg bacame Tupac's first manager. Tupac formed the group strictly dope with five other members. Later Steinberg introduced Tupac to Shock-G of Digital Underground. Strictly Dope recorded an album with TNT records that has never been released. Tupac auditioned to join the group Digital Underground. In 1990 Shock-G took Tupac as a roadie and dancer, and as he toured with the group, he worked on his own material. Tupac got the nickname of "Rebel of the Underground". Tupac made his recorded appearence on the Album "This is an EP release" and t...

Printing and the History of Printing Processes

Printing and the History of Printing Processes The earliest dated printed book known is Diamond Sutra, printed in China in 868 CE. However, it is suspected that book printing may have occurred long before this date. Back then, printing was limited in the number of editions made and nearly exclusively decorative, used for pictures and designs. The material to be printed was carved into wood, stone, and metal, rolled with ink or paint, and transferred by pressure to parchment or vellum. Books were hand copied mostly by members of religious orders. In 1452,  Johannes Gutenberga German blacksmith  craftsman, goldsmith, printer, and inventorprinted copies of the Bible on the Gutenberg press, an innovative printing press machine that used movable type. It remained the standard until the 20th century.   A Timeline of Printing 618-906:  T’ang Dynasty - The first printing is performed in China, using ink on carved wooden blocks; multiple transfers of an image to paper begins.868:  Diamond Sutra  is printed.1241:  Koreans print books using movable type.1300:  The first use of wooden type in China begins.1309:  Europeans first make  paper. However, the Chinese and Egyptians had started making paper in previous centuries.1338:  The first paper mill opened in France.1390:  The first paper mill opened in Germany.1392:  Foundries that can produce bronze type are opened in Korea.1423:  Block printing is used to print books in Europe.1452:  Metal plates are first used in printing in Europe. Johannes  Gutenberg  begins printing the Bible, which he finishes in 1456.1457:  The first color printing is produced by Fust and Schoeffer.1465:  Drypoint engravings are invented by Germans.1476:  William Caxton begins using a Gutenberg printing press in England.1477:  Intaglio is firs t used for book illustration for Flemish book Il Monte Sancto di Dio. 1495:  The first paper mill opened in England.1501:  Italic type is first used.1550:  Wallpaper is introduced in Europe.1605:  The first weekly newspaper is published in Antwerp.1611:  The King James Bible is published.1660:  Mezzotinta method of engraving on copper or steel by burnishing or scraping away a uniformly roughened surfaceis invented in Germany.1691:  The first paper mill is opened in the American colonies.1702:  Multicolored engraving is invented by German Jakob Le Blon. The first English-language daily newspaperThe Daily Courantis published called.1725:  Stereotyping  is invented by William Ged in Scotland.1800:  Iron printing presses are invented.1819:  The rotary printing press is invented by David Napier.1829:  Embossed printing is invented by  Louis Braille.1841:  The type-composing machine is invented.1844:  Electrotyping is invented.1846:  The cylinder press is invented by Richard Hoe; it can print 8,000 sheets per hour.1863:  T he rotary web-fed letterpress is invented by William Bullock. 1865:  The web offset press can print on both sides of the paper at once.1886:  The linotype composing machine is invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler.1870:  Paper is now mass-manufactured from wood pulp.1878:  Photogravure printing is invented by Karl Klic.1890:  The mimeograph machine is introduced.1891:  Printing presses can now print and fold 90,000 four-page papers per hour. Diazotypein which photographs are printed on fabricis invented.1892:  The four-color rotary press is invented.1904:  Offset lithography becomes common, and the first  comic book  is published.1907:  Commercial silk screening is invented.1947:  Phototypesetting  is made practical.59 B.C.:  Acta Diurna, the first newspaper, is published in Rome.1556:  The first monthly newspaper, Notizie Scritte, is published in Venice.1605:  The first printed newspaper published weekly in Antwerp is called Relation.1631:  The first French newspaper, The Gazette, is published.1645:  Post-och Inri kes Tidningar is published in Sweden and is still being published today, making it the worlds oldest newspaper. 1690:  The first newspaper is published in America: Publick Occurrences.1702:  The first English-language daily newspaper is published: The Daily Courant. The Courant was first published as a periodical in 1621.1704:  Considered the world’s first journalist, Daniel Defoe publishes The Review.  1803:  The first newspapers to be published in Australia include The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser.1830:  The number of newspapers published in the United States is 715.1831:  The famous abolitionist newspaper The Liberator is first published by  William Lloyd Garrison.1833:  The New York Sun newspaper costs one cent and is the beginning of the  penny press.1844:  The first newspaper is published in Thailand.1848:  The Brooklyn Freeman newspaper is first published by  Walt Whitman.1850:  P.T. Barnum starts  running newspaper ads for  Jenny Lind, the Swedish Nightingale performances in America.1851:  The United States Post Office starts of fering a cheap newspaper rate.1855:  The first newspaper published in Sierra Leone. 1856:  The first full-page newspaper ad is published in the New York Ledger. Large type newspaper ads are made popular by photographer  Mathew Brady. Machines now mechanically fold newspapers.1860:  The New York Herald starts the first morguea morgue in newspaper terms means an archive.  1864:  William James Carlton of J. Walter Thompson Company begins selling advertising space in newspapers. The J. Walter Thompson Company is the longest-running American advertising agency.1867:  The first double column advertising appears for the department store Lord Taylor.1869:  Newspaper circulation numbers are published by George P. Rowell in the first Rowells American Newspaper Directory.1870:  The number of newspapers published in the United States is 5,091.1871:  The first newspaper published in Japan is the daily Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun.  1873:  The first illustrated daily newspaper, The Daily Graphic, is published in New York.1877:  The first weather report with a map is published in Australia. The Washington Post newspaper first publishes, with a circulation of 10,000 and a cost of 3 cents per paper. 1879:  The benday processa technique for producing shading, texture or tone in line drawings and photographs by overlaying a fine screen or a pattern of dots, which is named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Dayimproves  newspapers. The first whole-page newspaper ad is placed by American department store Wanamakers.1880:  The first halftone photographShantytownis published in a newspaper.1885:  Newspapers are delivered daily by train.1887:  The San Francisco Examiner is published.1893:  The Royal Baking Powder Company becomes the biggest newspaper advertiser in the world.1903:  The first tabloid-style newspaper, The Daily Mirror, is published.1931:  Newspaper funnies now include Plainclothes Tracy, starring Dick Tracy.1933:  A battle develops between the newspaper and  radio  industries. American newspapers try to force the Associated Press to terminate news service to radio stations.1955:  Teletype-setting is used for newspapers.1967:  Newspapers use d igital production processes and begin using computers for operations. 1971:  The use of offset presses becomes common.1977:  The first public access to archives is offered by Torontos Globe and Mail.2007:  There are now 1,456 daily newspapers in the United States alone, selling 55 million copies a day.2009:  This was the worst year in decades as far as advertising revenues for newspapers. Newspapers begin moving into online versions.2010-present:resent:  Digital printing becomes the new norm, as commercial printing and publishing fade slightly due to technology.

Literary Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literary Analysis - Research Paper Example The idea of the bug that Gregor Samsa becomes is intended to be loathsome, toxic, and unpleasant; something avoided by humans. This concept is essential to interpreting any of Kafka’s work. Kafka’s storytelling is characterized by pessimism, dark humor, and a keen wit. It exposes his underlying cynicism shaped by a life of exploitation, misery and injustice. Within this story, Kafka uses Gregor as a symbol and a means by which he could explore his own difficult relationship with his father as well as his sense of alienation from society. Gregor's metamorphosis causes him to be treated as something less than human, a feeling Kafka felt deeply as evidenced in its appearance in many of his other writings. Through Gregor's metamorphosis, Kafka is able to express the pain of his personal existence, allowing Gregor to reveal Kafka's social situation and embody the author's sense of social, religious, and philosophical alienation. There are too many biographical similarities b etween the fictional Gregor Samsa and the real Franz Kafka to deny the link and the probability that Gregor's impressions are closely aligned with those of his author. At the beginning of the story, Gregor is painted as the good son. He is a simple man, hardworking employee, and is highly self-sacrificing as he struggles to both support his family and pay off his parents' debts. He does all this without complaint even though he is afforded little consideration or appreciation from the family he is attempting to help. This image of Gregor's home life is very similar to what is known of Kafka's home life, particularly as it relates to the relationship between Kafka/Gregor and their respective fathers. Kafka's father, Herman, was a businessman who had little understanding or patience for a son that would not follow in his capable footsteps (Brod, 1976). After hearing his shortcomings recited to him over the course of years, Kafka felt reviled and unwanted, like vermin. This is confirme d in his unpublished â€Å"Letter to His Father†, in which he even refers to himself as â€Å"Ungeziefer† (Kafka, 2009); that is, as vermin (Brod, 43). Other evidence of Kafka's sense of intimidation by his father is the fact that he developed a stammer that became so severe in his father's presence that he could hardly communicate. This issue created yet greater alienation between Kafka and the remainder of his family, leading to a situation in which he wrote in his diary, they had become â€Å"all strangers to me, we are related only by blood† (Brod, 229). A later diary entry confessed Kafka's final analysis of this destructive relationship, writing that his father had "inevitably broken my spirit" (Brod, 231). Many of these sentiments can be found in the relationship between Gregor and his father in the story. Understanding Kafka's history makes it easy to trace how Gregor’s transformation reflects Kafka’s intense feelings of isolation and vulne rability as well as his frustration in not being able to protect himself or his emotions with any sort of ‘armor’, especially when dealing with his father. Gregor's father is immediately introduced as impatient, demanding, possessing a violent temper. When it is discovered Gregor is still at home at 6:45 in the morning, his father begins pounding on Gregor's door with his fist and turns away Gregor's breakfast. Every time Mr. Samsa enters the scene, it is with reference to violence. Upon the first appearance of Gregor before the rest of